Aspecto biomecánico
PH. - E. SOUCHARD
Claudine Marque explica en este artículo los principios de relajación indispensables para una buena preparación al parto.
Claudine Marque comadrona, sofróloga, centra su trabajo sobre la espiración, sin la cual no puede tener lugar ninguna distensión.
Personalmente en la obra «El Diafragma», editada en 1980, recomendaba ya el empujar expulsando el aire en el momento del parto.
Es por lo tanto natural que nos hayamos visto atraídos a poner en común nuestros trabajos y la redacción conjunta de un libro.
Es interesante retomar los principios que están en su origen y profundizar para los profesionales las técnicas gimnásticas de preparación al parto y de recuperación post-parto.
Hemos establecido en «R.P.G.-Campo Cerrado» que todos los músculos de carácter hegemónico tienden al reforzamiento tónico, la flexibilidad y la fuerza activa dejan su sitio a la resistencia, por lo tanto, a la debilidad. Es evidente para nosotros que un sujeto que presenta problemas morfológicos tendrá un parto difícil y que el embarazo constituye para la futura madre una aventura peligrosa en el plano músculo-esquelético.
El diafragma se encuentra rechazado hacia arriba, las lumbares se hiperlordosan, el sacro se horizontaliza, el periné se encuentra separado en sus borde y se arquea sobre sus esfínteres; muy a menudo los hombros se enrollan.
Esto origina un cambio general de los hábitos y principalmente a nivel de las zonas esenciales, que son las lumbares, el diafragma y el periné.
La mujer embarazada tiene, por lo tanto, más necesidad que las demás de una preparación global. La especificidad de su Monográfico RPG - nº 1 - ITG - Bilbao 1989 2 estado origina además las indicaciones siguientes:
ANTES DEL PARTO:
1) Trabajo global progresivo, serio pero ligero.
2) Insistencia sobre la deslordosis lumbar.
3) Preparación al «empuje» del parto.
4) Trabajo del periné.
DESPUES DEL PARTO:
1) Trabajo relativamente ligero al comienzo, evolucionando progresivamente hacia las sesiones globales normales.
2) Insistencia sobre la deslordosis lumbar y el reemplazamiento del sacro.
3) Retonificación de los abdominales y el periné.
DESLORDOSIS LUMBAR
Una buena colocación lumbar es indispensable para asegurar una suspensión conveniente del útero, para evitar una subida demasiado importante del diafragma, que es quien genera el empuje en el momento del parto y para evitar la horizontalización del sacro que es quien genera la nutación.
La hiperlordosis lumbar está ligada a la retracción de la masa común, de una parte y del psoas-ilíaco y de los aductores pubianos, por otra. Deben practicarse dos posturas. La rana en el suelo permite el estiramiento simultáneo de los espinales, los psoas y los aductores pubianos (Fig. 1 A, B, C, D). Esta postura será además particularmente eficaz para todos los casos de pubalgias ligados a la retracción de los aductores pubianos.
La rana en el aire permite la deslordosis lumbar con tracción sobre los isquiotibiales (Fig. 2 A, B, C, D). Estos están retraídos muy frecuentemente en caso de hiperlordosis lumbar, ya que su tensión detiene la lordosis del ilíaco y garantiza la posición de pies. Es por lo tanto, muy habitual el constatar una retracción «victoriosa» de la masa común, psoas-ilíacos y aductores pubianos y una retracción «vencida» de los isquiotibiales. Esta postura actúa además de manera concéntrica sobre los abdominales. Por último, tiene un gran interés sobre el plano circulatorio. Puede ser practicada con los brazos a lo largo del cuerpo o los brazos en abducción. Los puntos de reequilibración practicados al comienzo de la sesión dan la indicación.
PREPARACION AL «EMPUJE»
Todo bloqueo respiratorio durante el empuje encuentra la crispación y el dolor y, por lo tanto, por esta sencilla razón, está proscrito. Por otra parte, el empuje en inspiración, después de un bloqueo, desciende el centro frénico, pero separa y eleva las costillas bajas (Fig. 3), por lo tanto, la presión intra-abdominal se encuentra disminuida.
Cuando empujamos espirando, lo cual siempre es posible gracias a la acción voluntaria del diafragma, el centro frénico desciende tan bajo como en el empuje en bloqueo inspiratorio, pero las costillas bajas están mantenidas por el cuadrado lumbar y los abdominales, la presión ejercida es más importante.
Hay que señalar además otra diferencia que me ha aparecido experimentalmente por control radiológico entre el empuje que se ejerce espirando y el que se ejerce en apnea. En el primer caso, el centro frénico está semifijado, los pilares del diafragma se tensan al máximo. En la segunda situación, el centro frénico queda semi móvil y el descenso del diafragma reviste mucho más el aspecto de un paracaídas.
Los pilares guardan una orientación cóncava hacia abajo y hacia delante (Fig. 4)
PREPARACION DEL PERINE
El primer trabajo consiste en la normalización de los bordes, a saber, la rearmonización de la posición de los ilíacos entre ellos y del sacro respecto de los ilíacos. Toda separación excesiva de las inserciones del periné origina, en un primer tiempo, tensión e hipertonicidad esfinteriana, ya que la función de los esfínteres es el de estar cerrados. Además, durante el embarazo el periné debe estar suficientemente tónico, durante el parto debe estar suficientemente elástico.
En un lenguaje RPGista, el periné por lo tanto, debe ser fuerte, ya que esta fuerza para nosotros significa a la vez longitud, elasticidad y fuerza activa muscular. La preparación del periné será ligeramente diferente según se realice en auto-postura o en postura. En el segundo caso, se realiza según la técnica de los cuatro cuadrantes, utilizada igualmente en la recuperación post-parto y que será objeto de un próximo artículo.
En auto-postura de rana en el suelo se deben respetar dos fases.
Después de la normalización de los bordes, lo que suprime toda tensión excesiva, el periné se ejercita en contracción sincronizada con la espiración. El sujeto espira metiendo el vientre (por lo tanto subiendo el diafragma) y contrae el periné (Fig. 5).
La tonicidad necesaria de los abdominales y del periné durante el periodo de embarazo también es cuidado. En el momento del parto el periné debe mostrarse suficientemente elástico (depresible en embudo) durante el empuje en espiración. En la misma auto-postura de rana en el suelo, bordes corregidos, la mujer embarazada será pues entrenada a empujar espirando y relajando los esfínteres.
La expresión comúnmente empleada, entre otras, es «espirar por los esfínteres» (Fig. 6).
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